How do elevated levels of LDL cholesterol contribute to cardiovascular disease?

Elevated levels of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol contribute to cardiovascular disease primarily by promoting arterial plaque formation. LDL cholesterol is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol because high levels in the bloodstream can lead to the accumulation of fatty deposits in the arterial walls. This process is known as atherosclerosis.

As LDL cholesterol penetrates the endothelium (the inner lining of blood vessels), it gets oxidized, which triggers an inflammatory response. White blood cells, particularly macrophages, are recruited to the site to engulf the oxidized LDL. However, when these cells become overwhelmed, they turn into foam cells and lead to the formation of fatty streaks on the arterial walls. Over time, this buildup results in the development of plaques, which can narrow blood vessels and restrict blood flow. Moreover, plaques can become unstable and rupture, leading to more severe cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes.

The other options, which discuss regulatory functions related to heart rate, blood circulation, and metabolic function, do not directly relate to how LDL cholesterol contributes to cardiovascular disease. Rather, they represent different physiological processes that are not influenced by elevated LDL levels. Therefore, understanding the role of LDL in arterial plaque formation helps in recognizing how it increases the risk